"Corruption in India stems from three quarters – revenue "Corruption in India stems from three quarters – revenue collection, clearances and delivery of citizen's services. The loudest clamour is mostly about corruption in clearances, where the political executive uses its decision-making powers to deliver benefits for a price. "The theft in revenue areas, however, has not received equal attention although it is a creeping crisis. The under- reporting of income in business transactions, the over invoicing of imports by corporate and the under-invoicing of exports are the principle routes of black-money generation. In recent times, mergers and acquisitions have been used to transfer ill-gotten assets," he writes. The author feels that Indians must demand a transparent system of political funding, the kind followed in America. "It has its downsides, of course, such as the rich concerning the attention of lawmakers. But it is transparent enough for citizens to know who is paying money to parties and what is expected in return." Aiyar claims that the economic reforms of 1991 were compelled by circumstance and propelled by crisis which forced then Prime Minister Narasimha Rao to act as he did. "The failure of India's licence-permit-quota raj economic model was visible from 1957 onwards. In 1966, Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri made the first effort to dismantle it. Thereafter, there were incremental attempts by prime ministers Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi. Key figures from other political parties like Ajit Singh and Yashwant Sinha also tried to unshackle the economy but political compulsions prevailed." PTI ZMN DBL ANS
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